Benchmarks

Avalanche.Localization is initialization heavy as resources are located, read and parsed on first use. After initialization, texts are cached and are accessible with a dictionary lookup. In this article after-initialization performance is studied.

LocalizedText

ILocalizedText was ran with 0 and 1 parameters, with and without memory pool, and with and without pluralized parameter.

Method	Mean	Error	StdDev	Median	Gen 0	Allocated
LocalizedTextZeroParameters	131.4 ns	2.56 ns	6.62 ns	128.4 ns	-	-
LocalizedTextZeroParametersMemoryPool	284.7 ns	5.53 ns	7.38 ns	285.1 ns	-	-
LocalizedTextOneParameter	343.3 ns	4.51 ns	4.43 ns	341.9 ns	0.0105	88 B
LocalizedTextOneParameterMemoryPool	530.0 ns	10.37 ns	25.04 ns	523.9 ns	-	-
LocalizedTextOnePluralizedParameter	1,248.1 ns	24.55 ns	36.74 ns	1,240.2 ns	0.0725	608 B
LocalizedTextOnePluralizedParameterMemoryPool	1,388.7 ns	27.10 ns	40.57 ns	1,371.7 ns	0.0648	544 B

Benchmark's localization initialization.

ILocalization localization =
    Localization.CreateDefault()
    .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.HelloWorld", "Brace", "Hei maailma")
    .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.Welcome", "Brace", "Tervetuloa, {User}.")
    .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.Apples", "Brace", "Sinulla on ei ole omenoita.", "Unicode.CLDR41", "0:cardinal:zero")
    .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.Apples", "Brace", "Sinulla on yksi omena.", "Unicode.CLDR41", "0:cardinal:one")
    .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.Apples", "Brace", "Sinulla on {0} omenaa.", "Unicode.CLDR41", "0:cardinal:other");

Zero parameter localization is a simple dictionary lookup and is zero heap operation.

public void LocalizedTextZeroParameters()
{
    // Localize text from cache
    ILocalizedText text = localization.LocalizedTextCached[("fi", "Namespace.HelloWorld")];
    // Print without arguments
    string print = text.Print(null, null);
}

One parameter localization allocates a string for result, and the caller allocates an object[] for input.

public void LocalizedTextOneParameter()
{
    // Localize text from cache
    ILocalizedText text = localization.LocalizedTextCached[("fi", "Namespace.Welcome")];
    // Print with argument
    string print = text.Print(null, new object?[] { "User" });
}

One parameter localization can be processed zero heap, if the caller allocates arguments and result characters from memory pool.

public void LocalizedTextOneParameterMemoryPool()
{
    // Localize text from cache
    ILocalizedText text = localization.LocalizedTextCached[("fi", "Namespace.Welcome")];
    // Rent arguments
    object[] arguments = ArrayPool<object>.Shared.Rent(1);
    // Assign argument
    arguments[0] = "User";
    // Estimate length
    int length = text.EstimatePrintLength(arguments);
    // Rent chars
    char[] buffer = ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Rent(length);
    // Get span
    Span<char> bufferSpan = buffer.AsSpan();
    // Print to buffer
    length = text.PrintTo(bufferSpan, arguments);
    // Slice print
    ReadOnlySpan<char> print = bufferSpan[..length];
    // Return rentals
    ArrayPool<object>.Shared.Return(arguments);
    ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Return(buffer);
}

If a parameter is pluralized, the evaluation is about 3x-4x heavier. Features are extracted from the argument and features are evaluated against pluralization rules.

public void LocalizedTextOnePluralizedParameter()
{
    // Localize text from cache
    ILocalizedText text = localization.LocalizedTextCached[("fi", "Namespace.Apples")];
    // Create arguments
    object?[] arguments = new object?[] { "2" };
    // Print with arguments
    string print = text.Print(null, arguments);
}

Pluralization heap footprint is alleviated slightly (-64 bytes, -11%) if caller uses memory pool.

public void LocalizedTextOnePluralizedParameterMemoryPool()
{
    // Localize text from cache
    ILocalizedText text = localization.LocalizedTextCached[("fi", "Namespace.Apples")];
    // Rent arguments
    object[] arguments = ArrayPool<object>.Shared.Rent(1);
    // Assign argument
    arguments[0] = "2";
    // Localize & Pluralize to culture & arguments
    ITemplatePrintable printable = text.Pluralize(arguments);
    // Estimate length
    int length = printable.EstimatePrintLength(arguments);
    // Rent chars
    char[] buffer = ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Rent(length);
    // Get span
    Span<char> bufferSpan = buffer.AsSpan();
    // Print to buffer
    length = printable.PrintTo(bufferSpan, arguments);
    // Slice print
    ReadOnlySpan<char> print = bufferSpan[..length];
    // Return rentals
    ArrayPool<object>.Shared.Return(arguments);
    ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Return(buffer);
}

LocalizedTextBenchmark.cs

using System.Buffers;
using System.Globalization;
using Avalanche.Localization;
using Avalanche.Template;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Jobs;

[SimpleJob(RuntimeMoniker.Net60), MemoryDiagnoser]
public class LocalizedTextBenchmark
{
    // <init>
    ILocalization localization =
        Localization.CreateDefault()
        .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.HelloWorld", "Brace", "Hei maailma")
        .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.Welcome", "Brace", "Tervetuloa, {User}.")
        .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.Apples", "Brace", "Sinulla on ei ole omenoita.", "Unicode.CLDR41", "0:cardinal:zero")
        .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.Apples", "Brace", "Sinulla on yksi omena.", "Unicode.CLDR41", "0:cardinal:one")
        .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.Apples", "Brace", "Sinulla on {0} omenaa.", "Unicode.CLDR41", "0:cardinal:other");
    // </init>

    [Benchmark]
    // <LocalizedTextZeroParameters>
    public void LocalizedTextZeroParameters()
    {
        // Localize text from cache
        ILocalizedText text = localization.LocalizedTextCached[("fi", "Namespace.HelloWorld")];
        // Print without arguments
        string print = text.Print(null, null);
    }
    // </LocalizedTextZeroParameters>

    [Benchmark]
    // <LocalizedTextZeroParametersMemoryPool>
    public void LocalizedTextZeroParametersMemoryPool()
    {
        // Localize text from cache
        ILocalizedText text = localization.LocalizedTextCached[("fi", "Namespace.HelloWorld")];
        // Assign arguments
        object?[]? arguments = null;
        // Estimate length
        int length = text.EstimatePrintLength(arguments);
        // Rent chars
        char[] buffer = ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Rent(length);
        // Get span
        Span<char> bufferSpan = buffer.AsSpan();
        // Print to buffer
        length = text.PrintTo(bufferSpan, arguments);
        // Slice print
        ReadOnlySpan<char> print = bufferSpan[..length];
        // Return rentals
        ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Return(buffer);
    }
    // </LocalizedTextZeroParametersMemoryPool>

    [Benchmark]
    // <LocalizedTextOneParameter>
    public void LocalizedTextOneParameter()
    {
        // Localize text from cache
        ILocalizedText text = localization.LocalizedTextCached[("fi", "Namespace.Welcome")];
        // Print with argument
        string print = text.Print(null, new object?[] { "User" });
    }
    // </LocalizedTextOneParameter>

    [Benchmark]
    // <LocalizedTextOneParameterMemoryPool>
    public void LocalizedTextOneParameterMemoryPool()
    {
        // Localize text from cache
        ILocalizedText text = localization.LocalizedTextCached[("fi", "Namespace.Welcome")];
        // Rent arguments
        object[] arguments = ArrayPool<object>.Shared.Rent(1);
        // Assign argument
        arguments[0] = "User";
        // Estimate length
        int length = text.EstimatePrintLength(arguments);
        // Rent chars
        char[] buffer = ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Rent(length);
        // Get span
        Span<char> bufferSpan = buffer.AsSpan();
        // Print to buffer
        length = text.PrintTo(bufferSpan, arguments);
        // Slice print
        ReadOnlySpan<char> print = bufferSpan[..length];
        // Return rentals
        ArrayPool<object>.Shared.Return(arguments);
        ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Return(buffer);
    }
    // </LocalizedTextOneParameterMemoryPool>

    [Benchmark]
    // <LocalizedTextOnePluralizedParameter>
    public void LocalizedTextOnePluralizedParameter()
    {
        // Localize text from cache
        ILocalizedText text = localization.LocalizedTextCached[("fi", "Namespace.Apples")];
        // Create arguments
        object?[] arguments = new object?[] { "2" };
        // Print with arguments
        string print = text.Print(null, arguments);
    }
    // </LocalizedTextOnePluralizedParameter>

    [Benchmark]
    // <LocalizedTextOnePluralizedParameterMemoryPool>
    public void LocalizedTextOnePluralizedParameterMemoryPool()
    {
        // Localize text from cache
        ILocalizedText text = localization.LocalizedTextCached[("fi", "Namespace.Apples")];
        // Rent arguments
        object[] arguments = ArrayPool<object>.Shared.Rent(1);
        // Assign argument
        arguments[0] = "2";
        // Localize & Pluralize to culture & arguments
        ITemplatePrintable printable = text.Pluralize(arguments);
        // Estimate length
        int length = printable.EstimatePrintLength(arguments);
        // Rent chars
        char[] buffer = ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Rent(length);
        // Get span
        Span<char> bufferSpan = buffer.AsSpan();
        // Print to buffer
        length = printable.PrintTo(bufferSpan, arguments);
        // Slice print
        ReadOnlySpan<char> print = bufferSpan[..length];
        // Return rentals
        ArrayPool<object>.Shared.Return(arguments);
        ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Return(buffer);
    }
    // </LocalizedTextOnePluralizedParameterMemoryPool>
}

LocalizableText

ILocalizableText performance is similiar to the performance of ILocalizedText.

Method	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen 0	Allocated
LocalizableTextZeroParameters	237.7 ns	2.28 ns	2.02 ns	-	-
LocalizableTextZeroParametersMemoryPool	479.4 ns	8.55 ns	16.28 ns	-	-
LocalizableTextOneParameter	505.8 ns	8.99 ns	8.41 ns	0.0105	88 B
LocalizableTextOneParameterMemoryPool	729.3 ns	14.44 ns	19.28 ns	-	-
LocalizableTextOnePluralizedParameter	1,421.4 ns	25.92 ns	29.85 ns	0.0725	608 B
LocalizableTextOnePluralizedParameterMemoryPool	1,628.1 ns	31.67 ns	42.28 ns	0.0648	544 B

LocalizableTextBenchmark.cs

using System;
using System.Buffers;
using System.Globalization;
using Avalanche.Localization;
using Avalanche.Template;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Jobs;

[SimpleJob(RuntimeMoniker.Net60), MemoryDiagnoser]
public class LocalizableTextBenchmark
{
    ILocalization localization =
        Localization.CreateDefault()
        .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.HelloWorld", "Brace", "Hei maailma")
        .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.Welcome", "Brace", "Tervetuloa, {User}.")
        .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.Apples", "Brace", "Sinulla on ei ole omenoita.", "Unicode.CLDR41", "0:cardinal:zero")
        .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.Apples", "Brace", "Sinulla on yksi omena.", "Unicode.CLDR41", "0:cardinal:one")
        .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.Apples", "Brace", "Sinulla on {0} omenaa.", "Unicode.CLDR41", "0:cardinal:other");

    CultureInfo _culture = CultureInfo.GetCultureInfo("fi");

    [Benchmark]
    // <LocalizableTextZeroParameters>
    public void LocalizableTextZeroParameters()
    {
        // Localizable text from cache
        ILocalizableText text = localization.LocalizableTextCached["Namespace.HelloWorld"];
        // Print without arguments
        string print = text.Print(_culture, null);
    }
    // </LocalizableTextZeroParameters>

    [Benchmark]
    // <LocalizableTextZeroParametersMemoryPool>
    public void LocalizableTextZeroParametersMemoryPool()
    {
        // Localizable text from cache
        ILocalizableText localizable = localization.LocalizableTextCached["Namespace.HelloWorld"];
        // Localize text from cache
        ILocalizedText text = localizable.Localize("fi")!.Value;
        // Assign arguments
        object?[]? arguments = null;
        // Estimate length
        int length = text.EstimatePrintLength(arguments);
        // Rent chars
        char[] buffer = ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Rent(length);
        // Get span
        Span<char> bufferSpan = buffer.AsSpan();
        // Print to buffer
        length = text.PrintTo(bufferSpan, arguments);
        // Slice print
        ReadOnlySpan<char> print = bufferSpan[..length];
        // Return rentals
        ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Return(buffer);
    }
    // </LocalizableTextZeroParametersMemoryPool>

    [Benchmark]
    // <LocalizableTextOneParameter>
    public void LocalizableTextOneParameter()
    {
        // Localizable text from cache
        ILocalizableText text = localization.LocalizableTextCached["Namespace.Welcome"];
        // Print with argument
        string print = text.Print(_culture, new object?[] { "User" });
    }
    // </LocalizableTextOneParameter>

    [Benchmark]
    // <LocalizableTextOneParameterMemoryPool>
    public void LocalizableTextOneParameterMemoryPool()
    {
        // Localizable text from cache
        ILocalizableText localizable = localization.LocalizableTextCached["Namespace.Welcome"];
        // Localize text from cache
        ILocalizedText text = localizable.Localize("fi")!.Value;        // Rent arguments
        object[] arguments = ArrayPool<object>.Shared.Rent(1);
        // Assign argument
        arguments[0] = "User";
        // Estimate length
        int length = text.EstimatePrintLength(arguments);
        // Rent chars
        char[] buffer = ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Rent(length);
        // Get span
        Span<char> bufferSpan = buffer.AsSpan();
        // Print to buffer
        length = text.PrintTo(bufferSpan, arguments);
        // Slice print
        ReadOnlySpan<char> print = bufferSpan[..length];
        // Return rentals
        ArrayPool<object>.Shared.Return(arguments);
        ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Return(buffer);
    }
    // </LocalizableTextOneParameterMemoryPool>

    [Benchmark]
    // <LocalizableTextOnePluralizedParameter>
    public void LocalizableTextOnePluralizedParameter()
    {
        // Localizable text from cache
        ILocalizableText text = localization.LocalizableTextCached["Namespace.Apples"];
        // Create arguments
        object?[] arguments = new object?[] { "2" };
        // Print with arguments
        string print = text.Print(_culture, arguments);
    }
    // </LocalizableTextOnePluralizedParameter>

    [Benchmark]
    // <LocalizableTextOnePluralizedParameterMemoryPool>
    public void LocalizableTextOnePluralizedParameterMemoryPool()
    {
        // Localizable text from cache
        ILocalizableText localizable = localization.LocalizableTextCached["Namespace.Apples"];
        // Localize text from cache
        ILocalizedText text = localizable.Localize("fi")!.Value;
        // Rent arguments
        object[] arguments = ArrayPool<object>.Shared.Rent(1);
        // Assign argument
        arguments[0] = "2";
        // Localize & Pluralize to culture & arguments
        ITemplatePrintable printable = text.Pluralize(arguments);
        // Estimate length
        int length = printable.EstimatePrintLength(arguments);
        // Rent chars
        char[] buffer = ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Rent(length);
        // Get span
        Span<char> bufferSpan = buffer.AsSpan();
        // Print to buffer
        length = printable.PrintTo(bufferSpan, arguments);
        // Slice print
        ReadOnlySpan<char> print = bufferSpan[..length];
        // Return rentals
        ArrayPool<object>.Shared.Return(arguments);
        ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Return(buffer);
    }
    // </LocalizableTextOnePluralizedParameterMemoryPool>

}

LocalizingText

ILocalizingText performance is similiar to the performance of ILocalizedText.

Method	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen 0	Allocated
LocalizingTextZeroParameters	271.9 ns	5.29 ns	5.20 ns	-	-
LocalizingTextZeroParametersMemoryPool	447.4 ns	8.53 ns	7.12 ns	-	-
LocalizingTextOneParameter	550.7 ns	6.71 ns	5.60 ns	0.0105	88 B
LocalizingTextOneParameterMemoryPool	719.0 ns	14.18 ns	18.93 ns	-	-
LocalizingTextOnePluralizedParameter	1,474.2 ns	29.29 ns	40.10 ns	0.0725	608 B
LocalizingTextOnePluralizedParameterMemoryPool	1,611.2 ns	29.28 ns	41.99 ns	0.0648	544 B

LocalizingTextBenchmark.cs

using System.Buffers;
using System.Globalization;
using Avalanche.Localization;
using Avalanche.Template;
using Avalanche.Utilities;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Jobs;

[SimpleJob(RuntimeMoniker.Net60), MemoryDiagnoser]
public class LocalizingTextBenchmark
{
    ILocalization localization =
        Localization.CreateDefault()
        .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.HelloWorld", "Brace", "Hei maailma")
        .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.Welcome", "Brace", "Tervetuloa, {User}.")
        .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.Apples", "Brace", "Sinulla on ei ole omenoita.", "Unicode.CLDR41", "0:cardinal:zero")
        .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.Apples", "Brace", "Sinulla on yksi omena.", "Unicode.CLDR41", "0:cardinal:one")
        .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.Apples", "Brace", "Sinulla on {0} omenaa.", "Unicode.CLDR41", "0:cardinal:other");

    CultureInfo _culture = CultureInfo.GetCultureInfo("fi");
    ICultureProvider cultureProvider = new CultureProvider("fi").SetReadOnly();

    [Benchmark]
    // <LocalizingTextZeroParameters>
    public void LocalizingTextZeroParameters()
    {
        // Localizing text from cache
        ILocalizingText text = localization.LocalizingTextCached[(cultureProvider, "Namespace.HelloWorld")];
        // Print without arguments
        string print = text.Print(_culture, null);
    }
    // </LocalizingTextZeroParameters>

    [Benchmark]
    // <LocalizingTextZeroParametersMemoryPool>
    public void LocalizingTextZeroParametersMemoryPool()
    {
        // Localizing text from cache
        ILocalizingText localizing = localization.LocalizingTextCached[(cultureProvider, "Namespace.HelloWorld")];
        // Localize text from cache
        ILocalizedText text = localizing.Value!.Value;
        // Assign arguments
        object?[]? arguments = null;
        // Estimate length
        int length = text.EstimatePrintLength(arguments);
        // Rent chars
        char[] buffer = ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Rent(length);
        // Get span
        Span<char> bufferSpan = buffer.AsSpan();
        // Print to buffer
        length = text.PrintTo(bufferSpan, arguments);
        // Slice print
        ReadOnlySpan<char> print = bufferSpan[..length];
        // Return rentals
        ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Return(buffer);
    }
    // </LocalizingTextZeroParametersMemoryPool>

    [Benchmark]
    // <LocalizingTextOneParameter>
    public void LocalizingTextOneParameter()
    {
        // Localizing text from cache
        ILocalizingText text = localization.LocalizingTextCached[(cultureProvider, "Namespace.Welcome")];
        // Print with argument
        string print = text.Print(_culture, new object?[] { "User" });
    }
    // </LocalizingTextOneParameter>

    [Benchmark]
    // <LocalizingTextOneParameterMemoryPool>
    public void LocalizingTextOneParameterMemoryPool()
    {
        // Localizing text from cache
        ILocalizingText localizing = localization.LocalizingTextCached[(cultureProvider, "Namespace.Welcome")];
        // Localize text from cache
        ILocalizedText text = localizing.Value!.Value;
        // Rent arguments
        object[] arguments = ArrayPool<object>.Shared.Rent(1);
        // Assign argument
        arguments[0] = "User";
        // Estimate length
        int length = text.EstimatePrintLength(arguments);
        // Rent chars
        char[] buffer = ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Rent(length);
        // Get span
        Span<char> bufferSpan = buffer.AsSpan();
        // Print to buffer
        length = text.PrintTo(bufferSpan, arguments);
        // Slice print
        ReadOnlySpan<char> print = bufferSpan[..length];
        // Return rentals
        ArrayPool<object>.Shared.Return(arguments);
        ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Return(buffer);
    }
    // </LocalizingTextOneParameterMemoryPool>

    [Benchmark]
    // <LocalizingTextOnePluralizedParameter>
    public void LocalizingTextOnePluralizedParameter()
    {
        // Localizing text from cache
        ILocalizingText text = localization.LocalizingTextCached[(cultureProvider, "Namespace.Apples")];
        // Create arguments
        object?[] arguments = new object?[] { "2" };
        // Print with arguments
        string print = text.Print(_culture, arguments);
    }
    // </LocalizingTextOnePluralizedParameter>

    [Benchmark]
    // <LocalizingTextOnePluralizedParameterMemoryPool>
    public void LocalizingTextOnePluralizedParameterMemoryPool()
    {
        // Localizing text from cache
        ILocalizingText localizing = localization.LocalizingTextCached[(cultureProvider, "Namespace.Apples")];
        // Localize text from cache
        ILocalizedText text = localizing.Value!.Value;
        // Rent arguments
        object[] arguments = ArrayPool<object>.Shared.Rent(1);
        // Assign argument
        arguments[0] = "2";
        // Localize & Pluralize to culture & arguments
        ITemplatePrintable printable = text.Pluralize(arguments);
        // Estimate length
        int length = printable.EstimatePrintLength(arguments);
        // Rent chars
        char[] buffer = ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Rent(length);
        // Get span
        Span<char> bufferSpan = buffer.AsSpan();
        // Print to buffer
        length = printable.PrintTo(bufferSpan, arguments);
        // Slice print
        ReadOnlySpan<char> print = bufferSpan[..length];
        // Return rentals
        ArrayPool<object>.Shared.Return(arguments);
        ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Return(buffer);
    }
    // </LocalizingTextOnePluralizedParameterMemoryPool>
}

StringLocalizer

IStringLocalizer implementation allocates two heap objects, a string for the key, and another object for the LocalizedString result object. It's possible to drop heap allocation to zero if localizer is decorated with a Dictionary lookup.

Method	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen 0	Allocated
StringLocalizerZeroParameters	128.2 ns	2.00 ns	1.56 ns	0.0134	112 B
StringLocalizerOneParameter	412.5 ns	8.18 ns	9.42 ns	0.0229	192 B
StringLocalizerOnePluralizedParameter	1,280.5 ns	7.04 ns	5.50 ns	0.0839	712 B

StringLocalizerBenchmark.cs

using Avalanche.Localization;
using Avalanche.Localization.Internal;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Jobs;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Localization;

[SimpleJob(RuntimeMoniker.Net60), MemoryDiagnoser]
public class StringLocalizerBenchmark
{
    ILocalization localization =
        Avalanche.Localization.Localization.CreateDefault()
        .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.HelloWorld", "Brace", "Hei maailma")
        .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.Welcome", "Brace", "Tervetuloa, {User}.")
        .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.Apples", "Brace", "Sinulla on ei ole omenoita.", "Unicode.CLDR41", "0:cardinal:zero")
        .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.Apples", "Brace", "Sinulla on yksi omena.", "Unicode.CLDR41", "0:cardinal:one")
        .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.Apples", "Brace", "Sinulla on {0} omenaa.", "Unicode.CLDR41", "0:cardinal:other");

    IStringLocalizer localizer;

    public StringLocalizerBenchmark()
    {
        localizer = new DiStringLocalizer(localization, "Namespace", "fi");
    }

    [Benchmark]
    // <StringLocalizerZeroParameters>
    public void StringLocalizerZeroParameters()
    {
        // Localize text
        LocalizedString text = localizer["HelloWorld"]!;
        // Print
        string print = text.Value;
    }
    // </StringLocalizerZeroParameters>

    [Benchmark]
    // <StringLocalizerOneParameter>
    public void StringLocalizerOneParameter()
    {
        // Localize text
        LocalizedString text = localizer["Welcome", "User"]!;
        // Print
        string print = text.Value;
    }
    // </StringLocalizerOneParameter>

    [Benchmark]
    // <StringLocalizerOnePluralizedParameter>
    public void StringLocalizerOnePluralizedParameter()
    {
        // Localize text
        LocalizedString text = localizer["Apples", "2"]!;
        // Print
        string print = text.Value;
    }
    // </StringLocalizerOnePluralizedParameter>

}

TextLocalizer

ITextLocalizer implementation allocates a string for the key. It's possible to drop heap allocation to zero if localizer is decorated with a Dictionary lookup.

Method	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen 0	Allocated
TextLocalizerZeroParameters	234.4 ns	3.82 ns	3.93 ns	0.0076	64 B
TextLocalizerZeroParametersMemoryPool	403.7 ns	7.28 ns	9.47 ns	0.0076	64 B
TextLocalizerOneParameter	479.6 ns	9.10 ns	10.11 ns	0.0172	144 B
TextLocalizerOneParameterMemoryPool	638.1 ns	8.74 ns	12.25 ns	0.0067	56 B
TextLocalizerOnePluralizedParameter	1,378.2 ns	27.33 ns	28.07 ns	0.0782	664 B
TextLocalizerOnePluralizedParameterMemoryPool	1,535.1 ns	30.32 ns	31.13 ns	0.0706	600 B

TextLocalizerBenchmark.cs

using System.Buffers;
using Avalanche.Localization;
using Avalanche.Template;
using Avalanche.Utilities;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Jobs;

[SimpleJob(RuntimeMoniker.Net60), MemoryDiagnoser]
public class TextLocalizerBenchmark
{
    ILocalization localization =
        Localization.CreateDefault()
        .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.HelloWorld", "Brace", "Hei maailma")
        .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.Welcome", "Brace", "Tervetuloa, {User}.")
        .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.Apples", "Brace", "Sinulla on ei ole omenoita.", "Unicode.CLDR41", "0:cardinal:zero")
        .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.Apples", "Brace", "Sinulla on yksi omena.", "Unicode.CLDR41", "0:cardinal:one")
        .AddLine("fi", "Namespace.Apples", "Brace", "Sinulla on {0} omenaa.", "Unicode.CLDR41", "0:cardinal:other");

    ICultureProvider cultureProvider = new CultureProvider("fi").SetReadOnly();
    ITextLocalizer localizer;

    public TextLocalizerBenchmark()
    {
        localizer = new TextLocalizer(localization, cultureProvider, "Namespace");
    }

    [Benchmark]
    // <TextLocalizerZeroParameters>
    public void TextLocalizerZeroParameters()
    {
        // Localize text
        ILocalizedText text = localizer["HelloWorld"]!;
        // Print without arguments
        string print = text.Print(null, null);
    }
    // </TextLocalizerZeroParameters>

    [Benchmark]
    // <TextLocalizerZeroParametersMemoryPool>
    public void TextLocalizerZeroParametersMemoryPool()
    {
        // Localize text
        ILocalizedText text = localizer["HelloWorld"]!;
        // Assign arguments
        object?[]? arguments = null;
        // Estimate length
        int length = text.EstimatePrintLength(arguments);
        // Rent chars
        char[] buffer = ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Rent(length);
        // Get span
        Span<char> bufferSpan = buffer.AsSpan();
        // Print to buffer
        length = text.PrintTo(bufferSpan, arguments);
        // Slice print
        ReadOnlySpan<char> print = bufferSpan[..length];
        // Return rentals
        ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Return(buffer);
    }
    // </TextLocalizerZeroParametersMemoryPool>

    [Benchmark]
    // <TextLocalizerOneParameter>
    public void TextLocalizerOneParameter()
    {
        // Localize text
        ILocalizedText text = localizer["Welcome"]!;
        // Print with argument
        string print = text.Print(null, new object?[] { "User" });
    }
    // </TextLocalizerOneParameter>

    [Benchmark]
    // <TextLocalizerOneParameterMemoryPool>
    public void TextLocalizerOneParameterMemoryPool()
    {
        // Localize text
        ILocalizedText text = localizer["Welcome"]!;
        // Rent arguments
        object[] arguments = ArrayPool<object>.Shared.Rent(1);
        // Assign argument
        arguments[0] = "User";
        // Estimate length
        int length = text.EstimatePrintLength(arguments);
        // Rent chars
        char[] buffer = ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Rent(length);
        // Get span
        Span<char> bufferSpan = buffer.AsSpan();
        // Print to buffer
        length = text.PrintTo(bufferSpan, arguments);
        // Slice print
        ReadOnlySpan<char> print = bufferSpan[..length];
        // Return rentals
        ArrayPool<object>.Shared.Return(arguments);
        ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Return(buffer);
    }
    // </TextLocalizerOneParameterMemoryPool>

    [Benchmark]
    // <TextLocalizerOnePluralizedParameter>
    public void TextLocalizerOnePluralizedParameter()
    {
        // Localize text
        ILocalizedText text = localizer["Apples"]!;
        // Create arguments
        object?[] arguments = new object?[] { "2" };
        // Print with arguments
        string print = text.Print(null, arguments);
    }
    // </TextLocalizerOnePluralizedParameter>

    [Benchmark]
    // <TextLocalizerOnePluralizedParameterMemoryPool>
    public void TextLocalizerOnePluralizedParameterMemoryPool()
    {
        // Localize text
        ILocalizedText text = localizer["Apples"]!;
        // Rent arguments
        object[] arguments = ArrayPool<object>.Shared.Rent(1);
        // Assign argument
        arguments[0] = "2";
        // Localize & Pluralize to culture & arguments
        ITemplatePrintable printable = text.Pluralize(arguments);
        // Estimate length
        int length = printable.EstimatePrintLength(arguments);
        // Rent chars
        char[] buffer = ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Rent(length);
        // Get span
        Span<char> bufferSpan = buffer.AsSpan();
        // Print to buffer
        length = printable.PrintTo(bufferSpan, arguments);
        // Slice print
        ReadOnlySpan<char> print = bufferSpan[..length];
        // Return rentals
        ArrayPool<object>.Shared.Return(arguments);
        ArrayPool<char>.Shared.Return(buffer);
    }
    // </TextLocalizerOnePluralizedParameterMemoryPool>

}

MemoryPool vs Heap

The usage of memory pool is seemingly slower than allocating short lived heap objects.

However, benchmark does not count in the CPU cycles that are expended on garbage collection in parallel thread. So the numbers for the non-pooled cases are not entirely complete, atleast not comparable with the pooled cases.

In a server environment, where all threads are congested, I'd wager that array pool solution is marginally more efficient, but in typical use cases, array pooling is not worth the effort.